The Slave Owners of Leamington Spa
By Will Barber Taylor
This piece is a selection of profiles I wrote some time ago for a project that never came to pass on the slave owners who lived and were associated with the town of Leamington Spa in Warwickshire. I’m uploading this content here as it may be of some use to some researcher or family historian who would like to know more about a particular individual or set of individuals.
The footnotes are rather messy because the project was never completed and it would take a bit too long to make them more precise than they are. However, everything is sourced and links and or names or books are provided.
Charles Henry Barber, QC, of Leamington Spa. Was awarded £1,783 8s 6d as part of the St Kitts 759 (Stone Castle) estate[1], granted to him as executor of the will of Sir Anthony Hart, Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1827 to 1830[2]. At his death in 1849, Barber left effects under £16,000 pounds with his son Henry Howard Barber of 9 Pall Mall East, Middlesex the executor[3]. According to his obituary in the Leamington Spa Courier, published on 25th of August 1849, Barber was 67 years old at the time of his death and formerly of Twickenham[4].
According to Ida Gantz’s “The Pastoral Portrait”[5] a biography of the Gunning family, Charles Henry Barber was the only son of John Barber of Ferrybridge in Yorkshire[6], though according to the same source were originally from Suffolk (this Gantz deduced through the coat of arms). Charles Henry Barber had three children — Henry Howard Barber, his executor, a Captain in the British Army by purchase[7], who was married to Diana Eyre, daughter of John Eyre of Eyrecourt Castle in Galway Ireland[8]; Lionel Charles Barber, another Captain in the British Army[9] and Zoe Adelaide Barber who was married to Charles Bransby Auber, a rector in Devon[10] and son of Henry Peter Auber, friend of the novelist Thomas Love Peacock[11].
George Goodin Barrett of Leamington Spa was born on the 16th of December 1792 in London[12], the son of Samuel Barnett and Elizabeth Waite, a widow who was not married to Samuel Barnett making George illegitimate[13]. Suggestions from local historians have been that Samuel and Elizabeth did secretly get married in York, however there is no substantive evidence to support this.[14]
His mother, Elizabeth Waite was said to have had a life interest in Montegro Bay which she passed on to her children — though those from his marriage to Martin Williams and their legitimate offspring, rather than her children from Barnett gained the majority of the estate.[15] Whilst her son Martin Williams was “forg[iven] him £4000 of the principal (but not the unpaid interest)”[16] Williams had to not claim any of the estate or the enslaved people she also manumitted two ‘mulatto’ enslaved men named Billy Waite and Robert Waite.[17]
She also had claim through her partner Samuel on Barrett Hall Plantation and on Old Hope Planation through her husband Martin Williams.[18] George Goodin Barrett’s half brother Martin Williams eventually moved to Wales where he became a landowner and magistrate.[19] George Goodin’s full brothers, Samuel and Richard seemed to have also done well for themselves through the slave trade. Samuel, known as “handsome Sam” retired to Yorkshire. He rented, from the St Ledger family, Park Hill Hall where he died in 1824.[20]
George’s other full brother Richard remained in Jamaica as a landowner and politician — he was a member of Jamaica’s Assembly for St James from 1816–1819 and from 1826–1829; he was also member for Trelawney from 1822–1824[21]. In 1830 Richard gained his highest office when he was elected Speaker of the House of Assembly in 1830.[22] Richard Barret was also a trained lawyer which he utilised when aiding his cousin and father of the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning in a legal dispute with members of his own family regarding their Jamaican estates.[23] George in comparison to his brother had a more settled life; he bought a commission in the Light Dragoons and became a Captain.[24]
Following his marriage to Elizabeth Turner in 1822, he moved to Coventry and then Leamington.[25] Whilst living in Leamington he used the money he had gained from his inheritances to build Comber House (1824), Milverton Lodge (1825), Bertie Villa (1827) and Strathearn House (sometime in the 1820s)[26] In 1828 one of his land speculations in Milverton involved a local doctor, Peter Francis Luard, a medical practitioner in Warwick[27]. Luard had also gained through the slave trade; though born in Bovington, Hertfordshire in 1786[28] his family was originally from Lincolnshire.[29]
His father, Peter John Luard (1755–1830) was the owner of a plantation in St Kitts[30] for which his son Henry, brother of Peter Francis the Doctor, received compensation for.[31] Peter John Luard had inherited his plantation from his grandfather Zachariah Bourryau, a slave owner, merchant and purchaser of the Blyborough Estate in which his descendants grew up on.[32] Barrett returned to Jamaica in the 1840s following the death of his brother Richard — however he was not as successful with his ventures in Jamaica, becoming eventually bankrupt. [33] He was like his brother a Member of Jamaica’s House of Assembly though did not make the same impression as he did. The above portrait is taken from one of Barrett’s houses, Greenwood Great House in St James, Jamaica.[34]
Samuel Crowther was born in 1802 in London[35]. Samuel’s father, Bryan Crowther was a surgeon at Bethlam Hospital in London who was reported to be “generally insane and mostly drunk”.[36] If this is true Crowther did at least manage to produce some surviving work including a paper on swelling in the joints.[37] Samuel’s mother was Charlotte Hackett, daughter of Andrew Hackett of Moxhull Hall, the last owner of Moxhull and High Sherriff of Warwickshire.[38] As a young boy Crowther attended Rugby School before going on to Clare College Cambridge.[39]
He then became a curate at Leamington and was a counter claimer to the will of well known Liverpool slaver John Tarleton[40] alongside other Leamington inhabitants William Tringham and his wife Eleanor Amelia[41] who was a member of the Tarleton family through her husband Henry Tarleton[42]. In 1828 in Solihull, Crowther married his wife Hester Yates, daughter of Reverend Richard William Yates, a rector of Solihull[43] and his wife Hester[44] daughter of John Barnardiston, Librarian of Cambridge University and Master of Corpus Christi[45]. Crowther went on to serve as rector of Knowle in Warwickshire for several years before eventually dying in 1879.[46] The portrait of him is taken from the Art UK Website.[47]
William Tringham and Eleanor Amelia Tarleton nee Fletcher were married in Leamington Priors in 1831[48] and as mentioned previously claimed inheritance from John Tarleton’s will, namely his estate in Grenada.[49] Tringham had been born in Jamaica in the 1790s and was the son of a clergyman, William Tringham. Tringham had a successful career in the Navy eventually reaching Commander in 1841.[50] His wife though not born in Jamaica unlike Tringham had a stronger connection to the slave trade and the West Indies.
Through her marriage to Lieutenant Colonel Henry Tarleton, she was connected to one of the most successful Liverpool slaving families, the Tarletons who were instrumental not only in the slave trade but attempting to prevent William Wilberforce from ending it.
Eleanor Amelia Fletcher was the daughter of Philip Lloyds Fletcher of Wales, a landowner who had married into one of Wales’ most noble families the Wynnes.[51] After her mother Eleanor’s death in 1828[52] her father Philip Lloyds Fletcher married a second time to the renowned poet Maria Riddell[53] who had been born in the West Indies and was the daughter of William Woodley, Governor of Leeward Island.[54] William Tringham and Emelia Eleanor Tringham would see out there days in Tiverton, Devon where William died in 1859. Eleanor would die nearly two decades later in 1871.[55]
Robert Sympson, also spelt Simpson in some documentation, owner of the Monymusk Estate as well as trustee of Bushy Park and Phoenix Park was born in 1770. He was awarded vast amounts of money through his estates in Jamaica[56] and was executor of the will of another prominent landowner in Jamaica, William Mitchell known as “King” Mitchell due to the amount of land he owned.[57] His sons, Edward and George Frederick each served in the military; Edward was present at the Battle of Navarino in 1827, part of the Greek War of Independence aboard the HMS Asia.[58]
Retiring from the navy Edward joined his father in Jamaica where he died in 1846.[59] George Frederick served in India during the same period as his brother did in Greece in the Infantry.[60] Sympson spent time both in Leamington, France and Yorkshire where he had properties. Sympson’s wealth certainly came from his Jamaican Estates though prior to his son’s death in 1846 he has sold Monymusk which he owned from 1810 till 1844.[61] Prior to the purchase of Monymusk Sympson had been mainly based in Suffolk, living at New Shrubland Hall with his wife Charlotte where their sons Charles John[62] and Archibald were born.[63] The couple had arrived at Shrubland sometime in October 1798 as the diary of the local Vicar John Longe testifies, noting that the Sympsons called on him on the 7th of October and that they first attended Church a week later.[64]
Sympson first travelled to Yorkshire sometime in the late 1810s; one of his daughters, Isabella Theophania was born in 1815 in Middlethorpe in Yorkshire[65] and he prosecuted Nicholas Benigne Alban, a Postal worker in York for stealing his mail in 1819, a crime Alban was convicted of and sentenced to death.[66] Sympson seems to have spent his later few years in Yorkshire, dying at his son’s rectory in 1848.[67]
It seems that following his death there was a minor falling out between Sympson’s heirs. His son in law, William John Law, “who most kindly and nobly took up the heavy mortgage”[68] sued the rest of the family in 1862 presumably relating to the estate and the mortgage he had taken on for it.[69] Law was a force to be reckoned with; a judge and barrister of some note, his father had been Ewan Law MP for Westbury and Newtown on the Isle of Wight[70] and his grandfathers had been Archbishop of York and Bishop of Carlisle respectively.[71] Sympson had one further political connection; his daughter Isabella Theophania had a daughter from her marriage to Captain John Christopher Rees Weguelin, Isabella Mary Augusta Weguelin, who was married to the younger brother of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Stafford Northcote.[72]
The Reverend William Smoult Temple was born in 1788 in Should Shields, Durham.[73] His father, Simon Temple was a owner of a mine in Durham and a Justice of the Peace.[74] Simon’s uncle was Anthony Temple, a noted scholar and headmaster of Richmond School.[75] William Smoult Temple, like his great uncle attended Cambridge, graduating from Trinity College in 1808.[76] Temple is likely related to the Temple family of ship builders; UCL mentions a William Smoult Temple as Sherriff of Newcastle in 1810, this is likely the William Smoult Temple that was a member of the Temple shipbuilding family — there is a possibility given the similarity in names and surname and that both families originate from Craike that they are linked however this is unclear.[77]
Temple spent most of his life in Northumberland, serving as a Vicar at both Dinsdale and Aycliffe before dying in Leamington in 1859.[78] His claim and service as trustee and executor of the Claremont Estate in Trelawny, Jamaica likely served him well.
Elizabeth Virgo Scarlett, nee Gallimore, was born in 1771 in Trelawny, Jamaica daughter of Jarvis Gallimore and Sarah Virgo.[79] Her father James was a resident slave owner in Jamaica, owner of the Greenfield Estate.[80] He was killed in The Second Marron War, a conflict between the Maroons, descendants of formerly enslaved people’s living in Jamaica and the British.[81] Gallimore’s service during the conflict seems foolhardy at best; during an attempt to ease tensions between local Maroons and the British a collection was suggested to give to them. Of the four local magistrates all agreed “except Colonel Gallimore”[82] This resulted in Gallimore engaging in a shootout with the Maroons.[83]
Following Gallimore’s death it seems his wife was responsible for his plantation and slaves — it was at her death in 1810 that she left several enslaved people to each of her children.[84] This rather sick practise was not unknown at the time. Elizabeth inherited “old Clary, Henrietta and Peter, Louisa, Austin, Tymore and Little Clary five children of Henrietta to hold the said slaves with the future issue offspring and increase of the females.”[85] A few years before her father’s death in 1795, Elizabeth was married in London in 1791 to James Scarlett[86], son of James Scarlett of Halstead, Essex.[87] Elizabeth’s husband was also a slave owner and owner of the Peru estate in Jamaica.[88]
The Peru estate served Scarlett’s son in law, Sir Phineas Riall future Governor of Grenada well as he was awarded compensation in the “right of his wife” from the estate.[89] Elizabeth Virgo Scarlett nee Gallimore spent her last days in Leamington, dying there in 1821.[90]
Robert Cunninghame Cunninghame Graham was born in Gartmore, Scotland in 1799.[91] Cunninghame Graham was a landed proprietor and had inherited much of his Jamaican assets from his grandfather, similarly named Robert Cuninghame Graham[92]. Graham’s attitudes towards his tenants in Britain doesn’t seem much better than the attitude taken by his relatives to their slaves; he was sued after his death for failing to provide ample repairs to one of the homes of his tenants in Scotland, the pursuant given £500 from Graham’s estate.[93]
William Dwarris was born in 1752 in Lincoln, the son of Herman Dwarris and Susanna Keystone.[94] Dwarris’s interests in Jamaica came from his uncle Fortunas Dwarris, at whose death he inherited the Golden Grove estate.[95] Both his father[96] and grandfather[97] were also slave owners. Dwarris spent most of his time in Jamaica though he eventually returned to Britain sometime in the 1790s.
In 1799 he was elected Mayor of Warwick for a year though does not seem to have distinguished himself.[98] His will, written in 1810, left money to his family as well leaving 58 slave “in trust”.[99] Dwarris’ son, who would be named after his slave owning great uncle and benefit from the families income from slavery would be Sir Fortunas Dwarris, who would argue for the improvement of the lives of slaves and the abolition of slavery.[100]
Lord Charles Greatheed-Bertie Percy was born in 1794, son of the Earl of Beverley[101] and a descendant of the ancient Percy family[102]. Lord Charles Percy’s family was from the highest ranks of the aristocracy but as the younger son of a younger son, he was unlikely to inherit either his father’s earldom or his grandfather’s dukedom.
However, his privileged background allowed him to gain access to offices of public life. In 1818 he was appointed Treasurer of the Ionian Islands[103] and set sail in early 1819 to Corfu. Though initially ill-disposed to the island, he soon got over the heat and began to learn Turkish and Greek.[104] Percy, though of a High Tory family was shocked by Peterloo, thought the prosecution of Queen Caroline ridiculous and felt that there should be some progress in Parliament to reform it.[105]
It was while in Corfu that he met his future wife Charlotte Greatheed, scion of a notable family though illegitimate. Her father Bertie Greatheed was son of the dramatist Bertie Greatheed, owner of Guy’s Cliffe in Warwick and of St Kitt’s planation in Jamaica. Charlotte’s grandfather Bertie was a quixotic character — he was appalled by the slave trade[106] yet continued to gain income from slavery and professed distaste for the establishment, standing as “Citizen Greatheed”[107] in 1796 yet it was his own family’s wealth and connections that allowed him to stand for Parliament. Percy, though grandson of the Duke of Northumberland was somewhat strapped for cash was fond of Charlotte so married her. However, returning to Guy’s Cliffe in 1820 he was shocked at the extravagance of the Greatheed’s and at their apparent provinciality, writing to a friend:
“I foresee ruin, without comfort. Oh! that I could have retained for a couple of years my situation at Corfu … My longing to get abroad is greater from the numerous obstacles, and from the pressure of such slight vexations, which like the ropes of the Lilliputians are scarce perceptible, and yet bind me hand and foot.”[108]
Percy was eventually allowed to tour the continent with his wife for a short time before returning to Warwickshire where the death of his brother opened up a potential Parliamentary seat.[109] Though he did not gain this seat Percy was eventually elected to Parliament for Newport in 1826. Percy’s time in Parliament would be brief only lasting until 1829 by which time he was sent to Ireland.[110] After a brief time at Dublin Castle he spent much of the rest of his life floating around Europe, often crying poverty despite his inheritances from the Greatheed’s and his father.[111] He died in 1870 at Alnwick.[112]
James Peter Rhoades was born in 1805 in Chichester, Sussex.[113] Rhoades was the son of a solicitor and councillor for Chichester, Thomas Rhoades.[114] He entered Oxford in 1820, leaving in 1825 with a BA and MA and being elected a fellow in 1829.[115] Rhoades would spend most of his life in Ireland, serving as a Rector in Clonmel, just outside Tipperary. [116] By 1851 he was back in England living at 50 Warwick Street in Rugby.[117] He was a counterclaimant on the Norwich Estate in Portland, Jamaica and eventually died in Rugby in 1852.[118] A portrait of Rhoades hung in St Matthew’s Church in Rugby as late as 1912.[119]
Link to item:
Abolition of the Slave Trade Token: < https://www.search.windowsonwarwickshire.org.uk/Details.aspx?&ResourceID=17177&PageIndex=1&KeyWord=slavery&DateFrom=0&DateTo=2021&SortOrder=0&ThemeID=0>,
Jocodus Honidus Map relating to The Tempest and the Slave Trade,
Account of the spat between Edward James Rhoades, son of James Peter Rhoades and the poet John Moultrie
Part One https://www.ourwarwickshire.org.uk/content/article/moultrie-hayman-and-rhoades,
Part Two https://www.ourwarwickshire.org.uk/content/article/moultrie-hayman-and-rhoades-2,
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